Photographer and paramedic Joe Conzo - who took pictures of the early hip-hop scene in the Bronx - takes us on a tour of the New York borough
By Alexis AkwagyiramBBC News, New York
Thirty years after the first mainstream rap song, Rapper's Delight, hit the US charts, what effect has hip-hop had on New York and wider American society?
Joe Conzo gets misty eyed when he recalls his teenage years in the South Bronx.
In those days, taking pictures was his hobby - one which led to him photographing black and Latino youths dancing to a new type of music, with its own distinctive forms of dance and art. The scene would later be christened hip-hop.
More than 30 years on, this New York fire service paramedic is a celebrated photographer best known for his book Born in the Bronx.
Mr Conzo, who the New York Times dubbed "the man who took hip-hop's baby pictures", recalls MCs, DJs, graffiti artists and breakdancers forming a "collective body of different elements that created the culture" of youth in the Bronx in the late 70s.
"The energy during those park jams was unreal. I was dumfounded by the breakbeats - the collective sampling of different kinds of music," he says.
He was "kidnapped" by the nascent culture that germinated at sun-kissed parties in 1977 and 78, he explains.
'Burning buildings'
This youthful exuberance was a form of release - a reaction to the depressed nature of the Bronx at that time.
"We were just tired of the nonsense - the drugs and the gangs, the burning buildings.
"It was just our way of screaming out. This was just our way to say we're going to do what we want to do. We took our parents' influences of different types of music and made it our own."
THE BIRTH OF HIP-HOP
Comprises different elements: Rap, DJing, breakdance, graffiti
Sub-cultural expression grew out of the "disenfranchisement of the ghetto inner-city" in the late 70s
Began in the Bronx in New York but found different styles on east and west coasts of US
Although largely created by African-Americans, Puerto Ricans also very influential
DJ Kool Herc is often credited as the first DJ to cut between records on the break
Records rely on "samples" - audio collages of song snippets
Rapper's Delight by the Sugarhill Gang hit US Billboard R&B and Disco charts on
13 October 1979
This organic process, he says, was the opposite of how the Sugarhill Gang's song Rapper's Delight became the first mainstream hip-hop song to hit the US Billboard R&B and Disco charts on 13 October 1979.
"The Sugarhill Gang had no respect in the streets because they were a nobody group put together by Sugarhill Records," Mr Conzo says, adding that people were, however, surprised that money could be made from their party music.
New Haven, Connecticut, is a two-hour train ride from New York. It's the home of Yale, one of America's most revered seats of learning. Many of its inhabitants occupy an entirely different world from the Bronx.
Inside an oak-panelled room, about 15 Ivy-League students sit around a large table debating the merits of Nas and Jay-Z.
The students are participating in an elective course titled Hip-Hop Music and Culture.
Civil rights
During the semester, they will discuss a range of subjects from the socio-economic reasons behind the genre's conception to the validity of graffiti as an art form and the nature of DJing.
The students become animated when they explain what they are learning and why they believe hip-hop is worth studying.
"It's a history class - that's the angle I'm coming at it from," says Ben Alter, 20, a history major from New York.
Joe Conzo saw the early emergence of MCs as stars at hip-hop events
"I'm interested in African-American history and I don't think I got enough about the post-civil rights era in my American history class. The first week we talked about the policy of abandonment in the 70s and 80s, which gave birth to this whole culture."
Lecturer Nicholas Conway says his students "learn to think critically about hip-hop culture by analysing the historical and political context in which it took shape and continues to evolve".
"Particular attention is paid to questions of race, gender, consumption and globalisation," he says.
"My hope is that the course engages a topic of interest in a way that fosters the development of a critical perspective, as well as a deeper awareness of the numerous distinct ethnic and cultural groups that contributed to this contemporary movement."
Tourists
If the study of hip-hop at Yale points to the culture's broadening influence in mainstream America, so does the success of Hush Tours.
Each week the company takes minibuses full of people on tours of the Bronx and Queens to gain an insight into a world immortalised on records.
Tourists visit the housing "projects" where famous rappers grew up, take pictures of graffiti and see hang-outs where early parties were held.
"We were going to go to the Guggenheim and read about these tours," says Lynette Dyball, 55, a financial planner from Sydney, Australia. "We thought this was more like us - we still like very modern music.
"We wanted to see Queens and the Bronx, so this was a great way to combine our love of music with seeing the community that created hip-hop and learning about the culture.
"We wouldn't have gone to Queens otherwise. It was good to get out and be shown around by someone who grew up in such as rough area."
Now that tourists visit inner city ghettos and Ivy-league students study street culture, what does Joe Conzo think of hip-hop's evolution?
"There are lots of parts of the culture I don't agree with," he says, citing lyrics and videos that promote violence and degrade women.
But he is quick to point out that this image is put forward by certain artists and is not a fair reflection on the modern state of the culture.
"Hip-hop connects with people all over the world because it's about people.
"I'm 46 years old and I still consider myself to be hip-hop. I may not walk around with the baggy jeans, but I'm still hip-hop."
